Ecophysiology and biotechnological potential of rock-inhabiting fungi in mineral substrate degradation and conservation

Rock-inhabiting fungi are a remarkable group of microorganisms that thrive on mineral substrates and exhibit exceptional resilience and adaptability in extreme environments. This review discusses the role of rock-inhabiting fungi in bioweathering in terms of their physiology, ecology, adaptations, and impact on environmental processes. It also discusses the fungal diversity and the taxonomy of fungi found on rocks and cultural monuments. it also emphasizes their ecological importance and implications on the conservation of heritage sites. Bioweathering by fungi involves intricate mechanisms such as organic acid secretion, enzymatic activity, and mechanical processes, which facilitate mineral decomposition and nutrient cycling. Advanced methods, including molecular techniques, microscopy, and biochemical analyses, are instrumental in unraveling the diversity and functionality of these fungi. The review also explores innovative research approaches and the environmental implications of rock-inhabiting fungi, emphasizing their role in sustainable applications, including the restoration of cultural heritage and ecological remediation.By synthesizing current knowledge and addressing gaps in understanding, this paper underscores the need for interdisciplinary research to fully exploit the potential of rock-inhabiting fungi in biotechnology and environmental conservation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fungal bioweathering processes and their relevance to both natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. Key words: Bioweathering, Ecophysiology, Fungi, Heritage, Rock-Inhabiting fung