Next-generation strategies against prostate cancer: natural products and nanomedicine targeting prostate cancer stem cells

Recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance are significant issues in prostate cancer management. Evidence increasingly substantiates the notion that prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) initiate cancer, facilitate its progression, and complicate therapy. Thus, targeting PCSCs may provide a feasible strategy for addressing incurable or recurrent illnesses. Research indicates that natural compounds derived from medicinal plants and foods may combat cancer, particularly by targeting cancer stem cells via modulation of signals from the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (AKT)/Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Nonetheless, the majority of these bioactive chemicals exhibit low solubility in water, inadequately penetrate the circulation, and are rapidly eliminated by the body before they can be effectively used in medical applications. Nanotechnology has enhanced the delivery, production, and targeting of certain natural products. Phytochemicals may be effectively administered to PCSCs inside tumours using liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, and exosomes. Moreover, stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms may be constructed to concurrently administer several pharmaceuticals. This review analyses the function of PCSCs in prostate cancer, identifies key natural chemicals that target PCSCs, and evaluates the potential of nanotechnology to amplify the efficacy of these natural products. Furthermore, we examine current obstacles, unresolved enquiries, and anticipated trajectories for the implementation of natural nanomedicine therapies in PCSCs.