Creating a Critical Zone: Feedbacks Between Bedrock Geology, Hydrology, and Vegetation on an Exposed Bedrock Surface, Panola Mountain, Georgia, USA

This preprint is the original submitted manuscript. The final published version is available open-access in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface at: doi.org/10.1029/2025JF008424 Most of Earth's present-day terrestrial surface is covered by regolith --- the layers of soil, saprolite, and weathered bedrock that together comprise the critical zone. Recent research has focused on understanding fluxes of minerals, water, and energy through the critical zone under steady state assumptions. However, in eroding landscapes, regolith and soil are produced from the bedrock as it is exhumed. Therefore, at some point in time, every location on the Earth's surface currently mantled by regolith experienced an onset of weathering processes. This initial creation of a critical zone from rock is poorly understood. Here we study initial critical zone formation from exposed bedrock by combining surface and subsurface geophysical observations at a site where regolith appears to be forming from bedrock on a granodiorite outcrop in Panola Mountain State Park, Georgia, USA. Vegetation gains an initial foothold on the outcrop by colonizing microtopographic depressions created by differential weathering of contrasting bedrock compositions. We observe a range of colonization stages, from moss to grasses to small bushes and eventually to large trees. Subsurface signatures of the vegetation include enhanced radar reflectance and reduced seismic velocities, with larger vegetation associated with stronger subsurface signals. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we propose an evolutionary sequence for critical zone development. While disentangling the chicken-and-egg questions that pervade this topic remains challenging, our results suggest that geological heterogeneity can provide the initial catalyst for colonization, but ultimately vegetation itself plays a strong role in producing subsurface structures we associate with the critical zone.