Comprehensive Review of Borassus flabellifer Fibre: Potential as a Sustainable Material in Bangladesh and Worldwide for Engineering Applications

Modern engineering increasingly demands materials that offer both thermal and mechanical stability under varying conditions, while also meeting sustainability goals. Although synthetic fibres perform well, their negative environmental impact often compromises long-term sustainability. To mitigate this, researchers are turning to natural, renewable alternatives that are more environmentally friendly and recyclable. Biofibres are gaining attention in engineering applications due to their availability, low environmental carbon footprint and recyclability. Among these, the Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra palm) fruit-based fibre remains an underutilized biofibre in Bangladesh. Currently, it is primarily used for disposal or wasteto-energy purposes, despite its strong potential for high-value applications in sustainable composite materials. This review explores the potential of B. flabellifer fibre as a sustainable reinforcement for high-performance biocomposites, aiming to enhance its current value by incorporating into engineering applications. The fibre showed low density, low moisture absorption, good thermal insulation and mechanical strength, making it a feasible candidate for lightweight structural applications. Alkali treatment enhanced fibre morphology by removing hemicellulose and surface impurities, thereby improving both thermal stability and morphological property. B. flabellifer fibre-reinforced composites demonstrate improved performance comparable to conventional natural-fibre composites. These materials offer a lightweight structural solution with enhanced thermal stability, mechanical strength and vibration resistance. As a result, they present a promising and sustainable option for engineering applications, supporting global net-zero emissions targets for 2050 and aligning with broader sustainability objectives set by the UNSDGs and the Paris Agreement, while also benefiting local communities in Bangladesh.