Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-induced Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) in cancer treatment

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made remarkable progress in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Clinically, ICIs include antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which are approved for the treatment of a wide kind of solid tumors, prolonging remarkable survival of cancer patients. By blocking certain suppressive pathways, ICIs promote T-cell activation and exhibit an effective and safe antitumor immune response. However, ICIs could induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), which is one of the most severely and rarely reported ICIs-induced dermatologic adverse events. Understanding the mechanisms of ICIs-induced DRESS is crucial for offering insights into the biomarkers and clinical management strategies in ICIs-induced DRESS patients.