Anuran vocalization during parental care in the context of social interactions

Parental care is a key component of reproductive strategies in many anuran species, improving offspring survival through a variety of behavioural mechanisms. Acoustic communication plays a central role in mediating social interactions in anurans, yet its function during parental care remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe acoustic communication associated with parental care in anurans, including previously unknown observations. We conducted a systematic review to compile all available records of calling during parental care. We found reports of both males and females calling while providing care, using advertisement, warning, and territorial calls. Additionally, we include two new call types associated with parental care: attendance calls, produced by leptodactylid females, and egg-feeding calls, produced by dendrobatid males. These findings expand the known repertoire of anuran vocalizations and highlight that calling during parental care may be more widespread and functionally diverse than previously appreciated.