Glacial Earthquake Acceleration Patterns Across Greenland in 2013-2024

The accelerating mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet presents a major uncertainty for ice sheet models and a significant threat to global sea-level rise. A primary driver of this loss is dynamic iceberg calving, which generates powerful seismic events known as glacial earthquakes (GEQs). Here, we present a continuous seismic catalog of 6263 GEQs recorded between 2013 and 2024. This catalog was created by combining traditional seismological analysis with machine learning (Random Forest) applied to data from the Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network. Crucially, the model utilizes novel features derived from spectrogram differences to effectively distinguish GEQs (non-dispersive energy) from tectonic earthquakes (dispersive energy). Compared to previous catalogs, our method achieves a tenfold increase in the annual event detection rate of GEQs, confirming the significantly higher efficiency of our detection approach. The events have a surface wave magnitude of 4.1 ≤ M SW ≤ 5.4 and show a clear periodicity with a maximal occurrence in July. They are clustered into nine distinct groups on the biggest marine-terminating glaciers in Greenland. Critically, by isolating larger events (M SW ≥ 4.9), which are detected by all stations in Greenland, we reveal a temporal increase in calving event frequency, primarily driven by rising activity in East and North-East Greenland. This extended catalog provides a measure of glacier dynamics, confirming a significant acceleration in calving since 2013.