Long-Term Outcomes of Multi-Context Childhood Poverty: Evidence from Long Panel Data from Indonesia

This paper constructs a measure of poverty along that considers multiple contexts—family, community, economic, and social—and employs individual-level longitudinal data spanning 21 years in Indonesia to examine the long-term outcomes associated with childhood deprivation in different contexts. It finds that adverse outcomes in adulthood are robustly associated not only with a poor family but also with a poor community. It also finds that both economic and social domains matter, though the economic domain’s influence is stronger.