A Systematic Review of the Literature on the Relationship of Pilot Flight Experience, Stress, Automation Dependency, and Complacency

Human error remains a significant contributor to aviation accidents despite continuous technological advancements in aircraft systems. This study presents a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the literature examining the relationship between pilot flight experience, stress, automation dependence, and complacency. Using a structured systematic review approach, relevant studies published between 1990 and 2025 were identified and analysed from major academic databases and aviation regulatory sources. The findings reveal a complex and interdependent relationship among the variables. While pilot experience enhances situational awareness and decision-making, it may also lead to overconfidence and reduced vigilance over time. Stress demonstrates a dual effect, where moderate levels improve performance, but excessive stress impairs cognitive functioning and increases reliance on automation. Automation dependence, although beneficial in reducing workload, is strongly associated with decreased situational awareness, skill degradation, and increased complacency. Quantitative synthesis indicates a strong positive relationship between automation dependence and complacency, alongside moderate relationships involving stress and experience. The study highlights critical research gaps, particularly the lack of integrated models and limited context-specific studies in developing aviation environments. It concludes by recommending enhanced training, improved human-centred automation design, and stronger safety culture initiatives to mitigate complacency and improve overall aviation safety. Keywords: Aviation Safety; Human Factors; Pilot Experience; Stress; Automation Dependence; Complacency; Situational Awareness; Flight Operations; Safety Culture; Meta-Analysis.