Role of microRNA in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and their therapeutic potential

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets, resulting in complete insulin deficiency. The pathogenesis of T1D is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Recent research has highlighted the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating immune responses and β-cell function, making them promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Our research included published articles focused on MiRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that modulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, influencing processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Data was gathered from different sources including different databases. This review examines the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, their involvement in T1D pathogenesis, and their potential role as therapeutic targets. Also addressing the challenges and future directions for miRNA-based therapies. In T1D, miRNAs have been shown to regulate immune-mediated β-cell destruction and inflammatory responses, contributing to disease progression. miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-155 play important roles in modulating immune pathways that influence β-cell survival. Due to their potential for early diagnosis and therapeutic modulation, miRNAs are being explored as non-invasive biomarkers detectable in blood and urine and targets for therapeutic interventions. However, challenges related to the specificity of the miRNA targeting, stability, and delivery systems must be addressed to realize their clinical potential. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems promise to overcome these challenges by increasing the precision of miRNA targeting and improving their stability.