V2G Charging Stations: A Comprehensive Review of Technology and Infrastructure

With the large-scale popularization of electric vehicles (EVs), the structures of traditional power systems are undergoing profound changes, driving the development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which enables bidirectional interaction between EVs and power grids. As a key infrastructure for implementing V2G functions, V2G charging piles not only provide energy replenishment but also have the potential to support grid operation as distributed energy-storage units. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and current technological status of V2G charging piles. Starting from the basic concepts and system architecture of V2G, this paper examines its working mechanism, key technical components, communication protocols, and integration methods with smart grids. Subsequently, the current development status of V2G charging piles is reviewed, including typical demonstration projects, market applications, and commercialization paths. The typical applications and values of V2G in grid frequency and peak regulation, distributed energy coordination, demand response, and electricity price arbitrage are explored. This paper also deeply analyzes the main challenges currently faced, including charging and discharging control strategies, battery life impacts, security and standardization issues, and policy barriers.