The use of renewable hydrogen is becoming increasingly relevance as a sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources, particularly in the transport and industrial sectors. One of its main advantages is that it enables energy use without generating direct pollutant emissions, thus contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and the mitigation of climate change. Green hydrogen in these sectors is typically produced through different electrolysis technologies. These processes are often powered by renewable energy sources—such as solar or wind—which are inherently variable over time. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of the main electrolysis technologies, including alkaline electrolysis (ALKEL), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEMWEL), and anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEMWEL). It analyzes their respective advantages, limitations, efficiency levels, response times, and adaptability to intermittent energy supplies. The study also explores the technical challenges associated with integrating each technology with renewable power sources, emphasizing key factors to consider when selecting the most suitable method. It is important to note that this analysis does not take cost into account, focusing instead on technical parameters and operational performance. The objective is to provide insights that support informed decision-making for the deployment of hydrogen technologies within sustainable energy systems. Key words. Renewable Hydrogen, electrolysis, AEMWEL, PEMWEL, AWEL.
Abstract
Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) are protective devices that limit the current in power lines when it suddenly increases above a certain safe level as a consequence of a fault. This element is connected in series with the line and has a null impedance when the line current is below the safe value (limit current) but significative increase the impedance when the line current tries to surpass this value. The variance of impedance is only due to the internal state of superconductors, without the participation of any mechanical element. Obviously, there are not any similar elements manufactured with conventional technology. There are two basic types of SFCL: those that present a resistive impedance (R-SFCL) after transition, and those which present an inductive impedance (I-SFCL). The authors are working on an SFCL concept that includes both mechanisms operating interactively. In this work, the combined transition mechanism is explained, the prototype under study is presented, and some theoretical and experimental results are shown. Key words. Superconductor, Fault current limiter, SFCL
Fields of Study & Subjects
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Fuel Cells and Related Materials
Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Renewable Energies Environment and Power Quality Journal
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 409–4121
- Publication date
- 1 February 2026