The use of artificial intelligence in operational investigative activities

The article provides an in-depth legal analysis of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in operational and investigative activities as one of the most promising directions for modernising law enforcement practices in the context of digitalisation and the increasing complexity of criminal phenomena. It substantiates that the implementation of machine learning algorithms, intelligent analysis of large-scale data, automated detection of patterns, and predictive behavioural modelling significantly enhances the effectiveness of operational and investigative measures, particularly in identifying latent crime, establishing stable criminal networks, assessing criminogenic risks, and optimising managerial decision-making. Special attention is devoted to the legal and ethical dimensions of applying artificial intelligence in operational and investigative activities. The paper examines potential threats to constitutional rights and fundamental freedoms, primarily the right to privacy, the inviolability of private life, and the protection of personal data, as well as the risks associated with excessive automation of decision-making processes within law enforcement. It is argued that the use of intelligent systems must comply with the principles of legality, proportionality, justification, and accountability, as well as with international human rights standards. The author formulates scientifically grounded approaches to improving the legal regulation of artificial intelligence in operational and investigative activities, including the determination of permissible limits for the use of such technologies, the establishment of effective mechanisms of meaningful human oversight, and the definition of legal liability for the consequences of their application. It is concluded that artificial intelligence may function solely as an auxiliary tool in operational and investigative activities and cannot replace the discretionary powers of authorised officials; its use must occur within clearly defined legal boundaries with the unconditional primacy of human rights and fundamental freedoms.