International legal protection of civilians in today’s world: proportionality and precautionary measures in the use of explosive weapons in populated areas

The article examines issues of international legal protection of civilians during armed conflicts, particularly in urban combat situations, where the use of explosive weapons poses an increased risk of excessive civilian casualties due to population density and the complexity of civilian infrastructure. The authors analyze the basic principles of international humanitarian law, in particular the principle of proportionality, which defines the limits of permissible damage to the civilian population and civilian objects in comparison with military necessity. The importance of preventive measures, such as assessing the risks of disproportionate damage, which should be integrated into the planning of military operations, is emphasized. One of the main aspects raised is the problem of practical implementation of international norms in real conditions of armed conflict, where, even in the presence of clear regulatory and legal standards, they are often not enforced due to various practical barriers. In particular, the importance of introducing specific standards for training in international humanitarian law within the framework of military doctrine is emphasized. The authors emphasize the need to strengthen cooperation between international humanitarian law, international criminal law, and international human rights law. This includes establishing mechanisms for investigating violations, particularly war crimes and human rights violations. International human rights law provides additional guarantees for the protection of civilians and provides for accountability for human rights violations. The article also highlights the importance of integrating international norms into national legal systems and effectively training military personnel to apply the principles of proportionality and precautionary measures during combat operations. The conclusions show that for the effective protection of civilians, it is important not only to have international norms, but also to implement them in practical military procedures, including constant monitoring, training, and verification of compliance with international humanitarian law and international human rights law, particularly in urban conflicts.