Ballistic Impact Protective Body Armour Vest: A Critical Review

Personal safety of the military, law enforcement, and security officials is an important aspect that is dependent on the use of ballistic impact protective body armour vests when there is the risk of high velocity threats. The given study approaches a thorough review of the fibres employed in the process of ballistic armour fabrication, their mechanical characteristics, energy absorption ability, and effects under conditions of impact. The study considered the key factors while choosing the fibres for body armour like tensile strength, flexibility, weight, resistance to the environment and cost effectiveness. It also discusses new methods of increasing energy absorption, e.g. by means of topology change of the fibres, addition of nanoparticles, shear-thickening fluids and fancy fibre networks like 3D weaving or hybrid composite materials. These are the measures which are supposed to enhance the ratio of protection, comfort, and mobility in armour design. The benefits and shortcomings of various commercialised fibres such as aramid (Kevlar, Twaron), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and polybenzoxazole (PBO) etc for the applications of ballistic protection are also highlighted in the present study. The general outline of a typical ballistic vest testing procedure is presented in order to demonstrate the way in which the quality of materials and design is tested. The study is concluded with the information about the latest achievements in ballistic protection and directions of the future, such as smart materials, sustainable options in protection, and the integration of wearable technologies. This review will be helpful to the researchers, designers, and manufacturers who are concerned with developing the usefulness and functionality of the ballistic protective body armour.