Clinical cases of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in parrots, canaries and pigeons confirmed by molecular and immunochromatographic methods

Abstract Introduction Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting all vertebrates worldwide. Infections are typically associated with diarrhoea, although cryptosporidiosis can also involve the respiratory tract. Birds are particularly susceptible to the clinical consequences of Cryptosporidium infection, which most commonly include diarrhoea, vomiting, regurgitation, crop inflammation, enterocolitis and poor feather and skin condition. Material and Methods In this study, faecal samples from 52 parrots, 3 canaries and 8 fancy pigeons were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium antigen and DNA. One immunochromatographic assay and two amplification methods targeting the 18S rRNA gene fragment were employed (a genus-specific nested PCR and a one-tube nested real-time PCR), and the resulting PCR products were sequenced. Results Cryptosporidium proventriculi was identified in 15 parrots, while C. meleagridis was detected in 1 parrot and 5 pigeons. No mixed infections were reported. The immunochromatographic test sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 66.7% and 88.1%, respectively. Conclusion Given the high prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds, molecular diagnostics are essential for accurate identification and appropriate clinical management. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in Poland aimed at detecting Cryptosporidium infections in pet birds.