Mobile Learning for Programming Education: A Case Study of SoloLearn and Self-Directed Learning Skills

This study investigates how mobile learning supports self-directed learning (SDL) in programming education through a case study of SoloLearn. A cross-sectional survey of 708 undergraduate students at the University of Education, Winneba examined app usage, perceptions, and programming confidence, framed by Knowles' (1975) SDL Theory and Fredricks et al.'s (2004) Student Engagement Framework. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed a sequential pathway from self-management to motivation, monitoring, strategy use, and perceived academic performance. Most participants (67.8%) reported increased confidence, while 60.3% reported improvements in real-world application skills, though challenges included limited advanced content, ad disruptions, and insufficient feedback. The findings suggest that SoloLearn effectively develops foundational SDL skills but requires adaptive features, project-based modules, and improved collaborative tools to support deeper learning. Results should be interpreted cautiously due to the single-institution, male-dominated sample. Overall, the study contributes to understanding how mobile learning platforms could support SDL in programming education and also offers practical insights for integrating such platforms into diverse instructional contexts.