Development and Human-Centered Evaluation: A Motion-Based Mixed-Reality Flight Simulator

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a modular and compact motion-based mixed-reality (MR) flight simulator designed for human factors research. It integrates a physical cockpit with MR visualization to provide realistic pilot interaction and full haptic feedback. Key contributions include a dynamic shadow and lighting adaptation, virtual cockpit windows through local chroma keying, and MR-specific data recording. The modular architecture supports rapid prototyping of human–machine interfaces and is adaptable to evolving training needs, as necessary in advanced air mobility research. The system was evaluated through a small-scale expert study and a follow-up user study involving 50 participants, assessing usability, immersion, and visual fidelity. Results demonstrate that MR can bridge the gap between conventional simulators and virtual reality, offering a scalable and flexible platform for pilot training, aircraft development, and human factors research. Based on these findings, the paper provides practical recommendations for implementing MR in other simulator setups, including guidance on lighting simulation, masking techniques, camera alignment, and the integration of cockpit windows (Zintl et al., AIAA Paper 2024-4651, 2024).