Role of Duty Cycle in Burst-Modulated Synthetic Jet Flow Control

The effect of duty cycle (DC) and blowing ratio on synthetic jet flow control over a stalled NACA 0025 airfoil at [Formula: see text] was investigated experimentally. A finite-span microblower array operating with burst modulation was tested across a wide range of control parameters to assess aerodynamic performance, power consumption, and flow stability. Flow reattachment was achieved once a threshold momentum coefficient was met via increasing either the DC or the blowing ratio. Control effectiveness increased sharply upon reattachment, with additional momentum providing incremental improvements in midspan lift, spanwise control, and flow stability, though these effects eventually saturated. Substantial midspan lift improvements are observed at DCs as low as 5%, indicating that brief, high-momentum bursts were the most power-efficient for achieving reattachment at the midspan. However, flow stability was reduced at low DCs due to the inconsistent streamwise dissipation of the spanwise vortices responsible for flow control. Higher DC control strategies resulted in more consistent boundary layer control. These results provide a framework for selecting control strategies that balance aerodynamic performance and stability with power efficiency.