Updated Performance Impacts of Alternate Energy Sources Applied to Single-Aisle Mild Hybrid Electric Turbofan Propulsion Systems

Previous work have investigated the effects of applying alternative energy storage systems (ESSs) to a single aisle 150 passenger vehicle using a parallel hybrid electric propulsion architecture. Building on this foundation, the present study integrates several newly developed component models including an auxiliary power unit (APU), supercapacitor, and an improved thermal management system into the existing engine–aircraft simulation environment. A new parametric, wheel-based electric taxi model is also introduced, enabling direct comparison with fan-based taxi architectures and revealing how ground segment assumptions influence ESS sizing and mission level performance. Using these enhanced models, updated results are presented for hybrid electric mission segments. The increased modeling fidelity alters predicted power requirements, ESS sizing behavior, and the magnitude of achievable block fuel benefits. Across the explored design space, optimal combinations of battery, supercapacitor, and APU assisted architectures are identified, providing refined guidance for the design of future parallel mild-hybrid turbofan propulsion systems.