Autonomic Nervous System Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a longstanding chronic illness that predates the advent of Christ. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has significantly risen in recent years, both in India and worldwide. Diabetes mellitus typically impacts the nervous system, resulting in three pathological conditions: retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Despite often being asymptomatic, autonomic neuropathy is associated with an increased risk of death and other diabetes-related complications. Dysfunction of the autonomic nerve system is believed to indicate cardiovascular reflex impairment in other areas. The present study aimed to evaluate autonomic nerve system abnormalities in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus through the application of straightforward bedside autonomic function testing. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional prospective examination conducted from March 2025 to November 2025. One hundred Type II diabetes patients, aged 25 to 45 years and free of any comorbidities or disorders, were enrolled. The total number of patients was classified into two groups based on the duration of diabetes: group A and group B. Assessments of the autonomic nervous system were performed on all patients. Observations and Results: In T2DM patients, HRV analysis showed a significant decrease in time-domain parameters (SDNN and RMSSD), suggesting a decline in parasympathetic activity and overall HRV. Reduced HF power and an elevated LF/HF ratio were revealed by frequency-domain analysis, Indicating sympathetic predominance. Conclusion: The findings of this investigation revealed anomalies in the active sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in patients with diabetes. Considering the engagement of both elements of the autonomic nervous system and the manifestation of symptoms, it is likely that these diabetics have had autonomic dysfunction for a prolonged duration.