Detection of ESBL and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Using Phenotypic Methods

Background: The rise of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is a significant danger to world health, attributed to restricted treatment alternatives and heightened morbidity and mortality rates. Timely identification of these resistance mechanisms is crucial for effective antibiotic treatment and infection management. Objectives: To identify ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by phenotypic approaches over the course of one year. Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional investigation was performed over one year, encompassing 235 unique Enterobacteriaceae isolates sourced from diverse clinical cases. Isolates were detected with standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. ESBL production was identified by the combined disc diffusion test (CDDT), whilst carbapenemase production was determined using the Modified Hodge Test (MHT) and the Carba NP test. The data were examined employing descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 235 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 92 (39.1%) were identified as producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), while 28 (11.9%) were identified as makers of carbapenemases. Escherichia coli was the primary bacteria creating extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent generator of carbapenemases. Significant resistance was noted against third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, although colistin and tigecycline maintained effective action. Conclusion: A considerable percentage of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were makers of ESBL and carbapenemase. Systematic phenotypic screening and rigorous antimicrobial stewardship are essential to mitigate the proliferation of multidrug-resistant pathogens.