Evaluation of Glycated Hemoglobin and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glycemic control and lipid abnormalities that collectively elevate cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to evaluate glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile parameters in T2DM patients and assess their correlation with glycemic control. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in India, enrolling 120 participants — 80 confirmed T2DM patients and 40 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Fasting venous blood samples were analyzed for HbA1c by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and HDL-C were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods. LDL-C and VLDL-C were derived using the Friedewald equation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: HbA1c was significantly higher in T2DM patients than controls (9.1 ± 1.8% vs. 5.2 ± 0.4%, p < 0.001). Diabetic patients exhibited significantly elevated TC (5.82 ± 1.12 vs. 4.61 ± 0.83 mmol/L), TG (2.31 ± 0.87 vs. 1.24 ± 0.41 mmol/L), LDL-C (3.75 ± 0.94 vs. 2.67 ± 0.71 mmol/L), and VLDL-C (1.05 ± 0.40 vs. 0.56 ± 0.19 mmol/L), with significantly reduced HDL-C (1.02 ± 0.24 vs. 1.38 ± 0.29 mmol/L; all p < 0.001). HbA1c correlated positively with TC (r = +0.48), TG (r = +0.52), LDL-C (r = +0.44), and VLDL-C (r = +0.52), and negatively with HDL-C (r = −0.41; all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with T2DM exhibit markedly elevated HbA1c alongside a significantly atherogenic lipid profile, highlighting the critical need for routine simultaneous monitoring of glycemic control and lipid status to mitigate cardiovascular risk.