Comparative Analysis of Plant Exosomes and Human-Derived Exosomes: Structural Differences and Emerging Applications

Exosomes serve as tiny extracellular vesicles between 30 and 150 nanometers long and are being used in medicine and cosmetics because they transfer biological material between cells. Human exosomes derived from human cells and exosomes produced by plants are featured in this review. The review includes information about exosome biogenesis and structure, plus how they function. It also shows potential uses of exosomes in medicine and cosmetics. Although human extracellular vesicles (H-EVs) and plant extracellular vesicles (P-EVs) demonstrate similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions plus immunomodulation, they serve different medical purposes. H-EVs stand out for targeted treatment because they transport specialized healing drugs that stimulate skin and hair growth, alongside protecting the skin. Their customer-based cosmetic solutions require long-term safety reviews, while scalability stays limited. P-EVs provide better results for cosmetic production at scale through low costs and scalable processes, plus natural functional ingredients. This research examines how advanced manufacturing methods and regulatory processes need improvement, plus how to standardize production methods.