Comparison of two ablation methods in benign thyroid nodules: Radiofrequency ablation and non-cooled microwave ablation

Objectives: This study evaluates the effectiveness and complication rates of a non-cooled microwave ablation (MWA) system compared to a radiofrequency ablation (RFA) system for treating benign thyroid nodules. Material and Methods: Between October 2022 and July 2023, 56 patients (38 females, mean age: 51.75± 10.7 years) with benign thyroid nodules, confirmed twice by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), were included. Ultrasound (US) guidance was used to treat 62 nodules under local anesthesia. Nodule volume, diameters, and echogenicity were assessed before and after the procedures. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21. Results: At 3, 6, and 12 months, volume reduction was significantly greater in the non-cooled MWA group compared to the RFA group ( P = 0.022, P = 0.002, P < 0.001). Both methods showed significant volume reduction at all follow-ups ( P < 0.001). Age, sex, and multinodular goiter presence did not significantly affect treatment response ( P > 0.05). Nodule structure was not a significant factor at 3 months ( P = 0.242) but was significant at 6 and 12 months ( P = 0.003, P = 0.002). No complications were observed. Conclusion: The non-cooled MWA system demonstrated superior efficacy compared to RFA, with similar procedural times and complication rates. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to confirm these findings.