Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Liver Diseases and Cancer

Objective This review aims to highlight the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived exosomes, focusing on their therapeutic roles in liver diseases and cancer. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate MSC sources, isolation methods, and the biological functions of MSC-derived exosomes. Relevant experimental and clinical studies addressing their mechanisms of action in liver pathology and cancer were analysed. Results MSCs and their exosomes demonstrated significant potential in modulating immune responses, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, promoting hepatocyte regeneration, and influencing the tumour microenvironment. MSC-derived exosomes also showed advantages as cell-free therapeutic agents and targeted drug delivery systems due to their low immunogenicity and biological stability. Conclusion MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes represent promising therapeutic platforms for regenerative medicine and cancer treatment, with strong potential for future clinical translation.