Soil carbon stocks in Rangeland from 1990 to 2021

The dataset accompanying this study provides monthly gridded estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (t C ha⁻¹) across the Australian rangelands from 1990 to 2021, generated using the hybrid modelling framework that integrates FullCAM process-based simulations with hierarchical spatial statistical modelling. The collection includes raster outputs of mean and median SOC (t C ha⁻¹), together with the associated 5th and 95th percentiles, constrained to the model’s Area of Applicability at a spatial resolution of 0.05°. These data enable transparent and spatially explicit assessment of SOC dynamics at the national scale by combining mechanistic simulations, causal driver analysis, environmental similarity filtering, and spatio-temporal Bayesian prediction. Public release of these outputs supports reproducibility and facilitates exploration of spatial and temporal variability in SOC. The dataset is intended for large-scale research and policy applications and is not designed to support farm-level or project-scale carbon accounting. The data are restricted to research only licence.