Instytucje ochrony wierzycieli transgranicznie przekształcanej spółki w świetle dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2019/2121 z dnia 27 listopada 2019 r. oraz kodeksu spółek handlowych

The article defines the concept of "cross-border conversion", taking into account the influence of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the development of this notion. It then outlines the phases of cross-border corporate operations, allowing for a more precise identification of potential instruments for the protection of creditors at each stage of the conversion procedure. The subsequent part of the analysis highlights the risks that cross-border conversions pose for creditors and discusses the principle of continuity and its impact on their legal position. Furthermore, the study presents creditor protection mechanisms provided under both EU law and the Polish Commercial Companies Code. The article focuses primarily on substantive law instruments, while also including references to procedural law and conflict-of-laws rules where relevant.