Life Cycle-based Environmental and Technoeconomic Insights into Australia’s Mineral Sands Industry

In response to the global move toward net-zero emissions, this thesis examines the environmental and financial impacts of mineral sand mining in Australia using life cycle assessment. It measures energy, carbon, water, and waste footprints across mining and processing stages and identifies where improvements are most effective. The study also tests renewable energy options and evaluates their costs and benefits through economic modelling. The findings provide clear evidence to guide industry, investors, and policymakers in making smarter decisions that cut emissions, reduce costs, and keep Australia’s mineral sands industry competitive.