Interactions of N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) Adducts with Light: Electronic, Steric, and Conjugation Effects

N -Heterocyclic carbene-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) adducts have extensive applications due to their tunable structure, versatile reactivity, and synthetic accessibility. Previous NHC-CDI betaine studies have centered around thermal, mechanical, or electrochemical activation; however, there is little understood about their optical properties. In this work, we aim to understand the effects of their structure on UV-Vis absorption, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and the HOMO-LUMO gaps. We found conjugation of the CDI substituents is the key factor for visible light absorption, with azobenzene groups as extreme examples that result in absorbance out to 600 nm due to new transitions to the LUMO located on the azo moiety. Additionally, the electronic character of the CDI substituents systematically tunes the HOMO-LUMO gaps. Finally, we explored the reactivity under photochemical conditions of a model adduct which displayed good tolerance for a variety of functional groups, but not aryl-containing single-electron transfer acceptors (e.g., aryl aldehydes, aryl ketones, and aryl bromides). These results highlight how the structural changes of NHC-CDIs can have profound effects on their frontier molecular orbitals and their interactions with light; we anticipate these relationships will inform the application of these adducts as dyes, ligands, photocatalysts, or organic charge transport materials.