Continuous Flow Chemistry and Microfluidics: AI/ML-Driven Workflows and 3D Printing

Microfluidics and millifluidics researchers have focused on devices for reaction and flow studies that use small volumes of liquid. Fluid control in mono- and multiplexed micro-systems is a design space not only for investigating phenomena and sensor development but also for small-volume production. It has enabled engineering, machining, and lithography for applications in chemistry, physics, biology, biomedical engineering, and soft robotics. Beyond lithography, 3D printing has made significant progress in the fabrication of microfluidic devices. CAD-designed devices and modules provide high design flexibility and electronics integration. With the appropriate 3D printing method, this can be fabricated from polymers: thermoplastics, elastomers, and thermosets, and in combination with formative and subtractive manufacturing. The form factor can depend on scale, design complexity, and intended applications. This article describes the convergence of microfluidics and continuous-flow chemistry (CFC) devices fabricated using 3D printing, mechatronics, and robotics for high-throughput experimentation. We also focus on integrating these devices across various investigation and production platforms for chemistry and reaction engineering. Advances in microfluidic and CFC devices, printed with multiple materials and featuring surface functionality, are highlighted. More importantly, we review the potential for artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML)-driven workflows, including simulation, modeling, data analytics, and self-driving laboratories (SDL). The critical role of 3D printing is emphasized as a tool for high-throughput experimentation. It will also lead the way towards the democratization of microfluidics and CFC with SDL.