Optimization of the approach to Moscow Flight Information Region: Environmental and economic aspects of implementing the continuous descent procedure

With the growth of air traffic, the implementation of environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies in civil aviation becomes increasingly important. One promising solution is the Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) mode, which ensures an optimal descent trajectory, reducing fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and noise near airports. This work develops an analytical model to evaluate the effectiveness of CDO implementation in the Moscow Flight Information Region, taking into account the optimization of air traffic control and airspace organization. The methodology includes mathematical modeling, expert evaluation, and simulation analysis. Algorithms are proposed for multifactor assessment of the impact of traffic density, air traffic control features, and weather conditions on CDO application. The results can be used to develop regulations and air traffic schemes in the Moscow area, contributing to fuel savings and environmental improvements in line with ICAO’s 2016–2030 plan.