Natural biomass-derived conductive e-skin patch for integrated skin-interfacing wearable bioelectronics and smart wound healing

Abstract As demands for high-quality wound management, health monitoring, and intelligent interaction rise, e-skin—designed to replicate human skin's flexibility, self-healing ability, and multimodal sensing functions—has steadily emerged as a prominent new research focus. Here, we present a natural biomass-derived multimodal conductive e-skin patch (CCMP) that was fabricated by integrating aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-NH2) and dopamine (DA) into carboxymethyl starch (CMS)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix through supramolecular interactions assembly. The CCMP demonstrated remarkable electrical conductivity (24.1 S/m), efficient photothermal conversion (with a heating time constant τs = 66.66 s), strong antioxidant activity (> 95.50%), effective antibacterial performance, hydrophobicity, electromagnetic shielding capability, as well as high sensitivity to temperature (temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) = −8.58%/°C), strain, and electrical signals. Furthermore, the CCMP also demonstrated ultra-high swelling properties. Notably, the CCMP presented easy re-shaping and ultra-high swelling capacity (water sorption reached 1374%), promoting the rapid absorption of tissue exudate. Meanwhile, the CCMP can significantly promote wound healing and reduce pro-inflammatory factor levels, achieving an exceptional 98.21% healing rate within 14 days. We additionally integrate a portable wireless wearable sensing system that can transmit real-time wound status micro-motion and multimodal physiological signals (temperature, stress-strain, respiration, motion, and bioelectric signals) via Bluetooth to computers or mobile devices, thus achieving integrated skin-interfacing wearable bioelectronics and smart wound healing. Overall, this study pioneers a novel approach for wireless wound monitoring system, advancing human-friendly e-skin patch development from single-functional devices to a human–machine–environment intelligent symbiosis system.