A Modular low-cost TEG-PV hybrid waste-combustion energy harvester for off-grid AC power supply with integrated passive particulate emission mitigation and decentralized sustainable waste-to-energy conversion

The growing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the persistent demand for reliable decentralized electricity underscore the need for low-cost, fuel-free, and environmentally conscious waste-to-energy (WTE) solutions. This work presents the design and experimental validation of a modular thermoelectric-photovoltaic (TEG-PV) hybrid energy harvester that converts controlled waste combustion into usable off-grid 230 V AC power. Thermal gradients from combustion drive TEC1-12706 TEG modules, while flame irradiance and ambient daylight are simultaneously captured using miniature monocrystalline PV cells, forming a dual-domain heat-light energy recovery architecture. The combined DC output is isolated through Schottky diodes and routed to a protected battery-charging system with PWM/MPPT control, powering a 12 V battery bank that feeds a 150 W single-phase inverter. The prototype successfully operated three 9-12 W LED loads for over two hours, demonstrating practical domestic applicability. A key innovation is the integration of passive particulate emission mitigation using a multi-layer cotton-tissue exhaust filter, which captures visible soot without imposing energy penalties. Although overall efficiency is lower than that of large centralized plants, the system offers significant value through waste-volume reduction, modularity, affordability, silent operation, and improved emission awareness, establishing a viable pathway for sustainable decentralized WTE microgeneration.