Formation of Business Ecosystems in the Context of International Economic Constraints

The subject of the research is the institutional, organizational and market mechanisms of formation and transformation of business ecosystems in the context of sanctions pressure. The aim of the work is to identify the factors stimulating or constraining the development of ecosystem interaction in Russian companies, as well as to establish the nature and features of industry and intersectoral models that are formed in response to the disruption of global chains. The relevance is due to the unprecedented scale of modern sanctions restrictions against Russia and the lack of a full understanding of how they affect the structural organization of business. The hypothesis of the study is that international restrictions that hinder the development of Russian business ecosystems (through the severance of global ties) simultaneously stimulate their accelerated formation at the national and regional levels (through the need to replenish lost connections and markets). The methodological basis was an interdisciplinary approach combining the analysis of modern literature on the economics of sanctions and business ecosystems, a review of statistical data and cases of Russian companies, as well as a comparative analysis of the experience of other countries under sanctions. The results of the study showed that the largest Russian corporations have demonstrated high adaptability to external shocks, using mechanisms of horizontal and vertical cooperation, diversification of supply channels and building new technological and logistics chains. A significant role in this process was played by the state, which acts not only as a regulator, but also as an active participant in emerging ecosystems through programs of support, import substitution and technological subsidies. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a systematic approach to analyzing the dual effect of sanctions on the economy: on the one hand, sanctions restrict access to technology, capital and global markets, and on the other, they activate the processes of building closed corporate, sectoral and intersectoral ecosystems adapted to internal resources and alternative external relations. It is concluded that under the conditions of sanctions, the ecosystem model of development has shown high viability, especially in industries with a high concentration of capital, digitalization and government involvement. At the same time, key limitations have been identified: technological backwardness, staff shortages, reduced external financing, and risks of monopolization of the domestic market. The prospects for further research in this area are related to a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the ecosystem model in comparison with traditional forms of management, an analysis of new regional partnerships and institutional conditions for the formation of international ecosystem alliances.