Comparative Analysis of Fiscal Mechanisms in Special Economic Zones: The Experience of Russia and Foreign Countries

Special economic zones (SEZs) are an important tool for government regulation aimed at attracting investment, promoting innovation, developing high-tech industries, and stimulating economic growth in regions. The purpose of this study is to identify trends and patterns in the formation of fiscal regimes for SEZs in different countries. The methodological basis for the research is an object-subject approach to describing entities, as well as methods of theoretical, retrospective, and structural analysis, and a systematic approach to modeling objects. The analysis includes an examination of different types of SEZs, mechanisms for supporting SEZ residents, and the results of these efforts. Based on the comparative analysis of the fiscal stimulation mechanisms and instruments used in SEZs in Russia and other countries, trends in the further development of these zones are identified, including multi-format interactions between the participants. The evaluation of tax incentives, infrastructure subsidies, and administrative support mechanisms is carried out, as well as the identification of the main obstacles and limitations in the Russian practice. Recommendations are developed to optimize fiscal policy measures to increase the attractiveness of SEZs for investment, taking into account successful foreign experience. The results of a comprehensive study on the budgetary and tax regulations of SEZs are presented in a comparative analysis, and a GWR (Geographic Weighted Regression) model is used to assess the effectiveness of SEZs on the territory of the Russian Federation. Based on a systematic analysis of regulatory legal acts, statistical data, and scientific publications, we conclude that the optimal model for fiscal incentives in SEZs should combine clear strategic guidelines with the flexibility to adapt to changing economic conditions. This will ensure the sustainable development of these zones as growth points for the national economy. When choosing tax incentives for SEZ entities, it is important to consider both the industry-specific needs of residents and the socio-economic characteristics of the territory. Monitoring the effectiveness of these incentives is essential, with reference to established indicators of economic growth and technological development. The use of the GWR (Geographic Weighted Regression) model will allow us to develop a regional tax policy that takes into account the specific needs and circumstances of each SEZ. This approach will help ensure that tax preferences are effective and contribute to the overall success of the zone.