Transformative Learning Behind Bars: A Jail-Based Framework for Moral Recovery and Development

Correctional facilities increasingly recognize education as a pathway to rehabilitation and social reintegration, particularly in contexts where access to structured learning is limited. This mixed-methods study evaluates a five-year (2017–2021) jail-based rehabilitation program integrating literacy instruction, livelihood training, and moral development for Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) at a Philippine regional correctional facility. Literature highlights the transformative value of correctional education, yet research on integrated models combining academic, economic, and psychosocial components remains limited in the Philippine context. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and included only PDLs who participated in the literacy, livelihood, and moral development components of the program during the five-year period. Guided by restorative justice and transformative learning theories, the study analyzed the Alternative Learning System Accreditation and Equivalency outcomes involving 112 PDLs across five cohorts alongside livelihood financial records and complemented these with thematic analysis of participant testimonies and reflections. Results show a strong secondary-level Accreditation and Equivalency passing rate, with a 96.91 percent average and a 90 percent proceeds allocation to PDLs from livelihood activities, indicating consistent educational gains and economic viability. Qualitative findings revealed increased gratitude, resilience, and moral renewal, demonstrating notable psychosocial transformation. While the study was limited by its single?site scope and reliance on available institutional records, the results affirm that comprehensive, education-driven rehabilitation supports human capital development and aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on quality education and peace, justice, and strong institutions. The study recommends strengthening foundational literacy support, expanding facilitator training, and scaling up integrated jail-based rehabilitation models to enhance reintegration outcomes.