Biosynthesis of CdS nanoparticles using mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) extracts and characterization

In this study, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized using crude extract of Macrolepiota procera (MP) as a biogenic reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their morphological structure, elemental composition, crystal structure, functional group content, and optical bandgap properties using FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. FE-SEM images revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a predominantly spherical morphology. EDX analysis indicated that the atomic ratio of Cd to S was approximately 1:1, confirming the stoichiometry of CdS. XRD results showed that CdS nanoparticles synthesized with MP-10 exhibited a cubic crystalline phase, with theoretical particle sizes estimated to be between 2.44 and 2.90 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals from the MP extract on the nanoparticle surface, acting as capping and stabilizing agents, consistent with previous reports. UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated that the bandgap energies of CdS-MP5, CdS-MP7.5, and CdS-MP10 were 2.65, 2.77, and 2.87 eV, respectively, all higher than that of bulk CdS (2.42 eV), indicating quantum confinement effects.