THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY: FROM SITE DISCOVERY TO MATERIAL PRESERVATION

Underwater archaeology uses modern science to locate, document, excavate, analyse and preserve cultural heritage that is located underwater. The study of underwater archaeology will use a step-by-step approach that will include predictive modelling, remote sensing, ground truthing, etc. Using the combination of various sciences including marine geophysics, GIS, environmental science, materials analysis, and conservation chemistry, this study shows the interdisciplinary nature of underwater archaeology. This article will highlight 1) non-intrusive survey methods; 2) accurately documenting through detailed documentation and excavation so as to reduce disturbance while maximizing interpretive ability; and 3) exploring and explaining how to conserve artifacts in their original environment according to established ethical standards and European treaties and charters regarding conservation of heritage. The application of a scientifically rigorous approach to underwater archaeology will allow archaeologists to increase resolution and therefore increase sustainable stewardship of cultural heritage that is changing in the contemporary marine environments.