Physicochemical analysis and crystal chemistry of metastable transformations on the carbon state diagram

Based on crystal-chemical and physicochemical analysis of the diamond formation, topological transformation was carried out diagram models states carbon. A phase diagram of metastable transformations is proposed, with consideration given to the energy absorbed by dissipative structures. The diagram defines the positions of the lines describing phase transitions, their number, increasing as a result of the formation of transition structures, depending on the temperature, pressure and amount of absorbed energy. The diagram highlights new areas of phase formation during the formation of natural minerals, including impact diamonds with lonsdaleite, transition areas of precipitation from the liquid of ultradispersed diamond particles and microgroups of graphite and lonsdaleite. The carbon phase diagram identified grains of highpressure carbon phases of the Popigai deposit – impact diamonds formed during the collision of a meteorite with graphitecontaining rocks. Relatively transparent, large superhard grains of the mineral are impact diamond-lonsdaleite abrasive. Virtually opaque, dark grains of the mineral, formed during impact with shear, are sprouts of ultra-dispersed diamond particles with microgroups of graphite and lonsdaleite.