Household Climate Resilience Index and Its Determinants: An Empirical Study in DKI Jakarta

Climate change has intensified environmental pressures in urban coastal areas, particularly in DKI Jakarta, where recurrent flooding, tidal inundation, and heat extremes threaten urban sustainability. This study developed a Household Climate Resilience Index (HCRI) to assess the resilience of urban households to climate-related hazards using a robust principal analysis (RPCA) framework. The analysis was based on household survey data from 221 respondents across 17 urban villages in Jakarta, encompassing four resilience dimensions: exposure, sensitivity, incremental adaptation, and transformational adaptation. RPCA with a minimum covariance determinant estimator was applied to minimize the influence of outliers and ensure stable component estimation. The results reveal clear spatial heterogeneity in resilience, characterized by a distinct north–south gradient: northern coastal areas such as Kamal, Koja, and Pluit show the lowest resilience due to high flood exposure and land subsidence, whereas central and southern areas exhibit stronger adaptive capacity. The key determinants of resilience include flood frequency, household education levels, per-family expenditure, and proactive adaptation behaviors. The Kendall correlation test (τ = 0.518, p = 0.015) confirmed a significant positive association between flood occurrence and low resilience levels. The developed HCRI provides a robust, data-driven framework to support targeted climate adaptation policies and urban resilience planning in Jakarta, Indonesia. HCRI outputs, together with the identified key determinants (flood frequency, education, per-family expenditure, and proactive adaptation), can guide the prioritization of urban environmental management and adaptation investments in the most vulnerable urban villages, including drainage upgrading, land subsidence control, and coastal protection.