Integrative role of biomarkers and trace element profiles in risk assessment and stratification of metabolic syndrome in gastroenterology patients

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia that are very common in developed countries. The prevalence of MS increases annually. In recent years, a significant increase in the prevalence of MS among young people has been observed. Various markers are currently being studied for their potential to understand this pathology. Objective: To summarize current understanding of the diagnostic value of biomarkers (including vitamin D, magnesium, and the omega-3 index) and predictive factors (HOMA-IR, TyG, FLI, etc.) in the pathogenesis and clinical management of metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as their relationship with gastrointestinal pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, intestinal microbiota, and chronic inflammation. Material and methods. A literature review (PubMed, Scopus, eLIBRARY) from 2018 to 2024 was conducted, including original studies, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines. Levels of vitamin D, magnesium, and the omega-3 index were analyzed, as well as their associations with metabolic syndrome components and associated gastrointestinal disorders.