Oxyhydrogen Nanobubbles Suppress FoxP3 and Ki-67 Expression in a Wistar Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

HCC is difficult to treat due to its complex tumor microenvironment and the ineffectiveness of available therapies. Gas-based anticancer approaches are promising, but are hampered by instability and difficulties in targeted delivery. HHOnbs (containing hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), and low-dose hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the nanoscale) have been proposed to improve the stability and precision of gas-based therapies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HHOnbs on the immunoregulatory marker FoxP3 and the proliferation marker Ki-67 in a Wistar rat model of HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The design used was a true experimental design. HHOnbs were administered intravenously. Liver tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry to measure FoxP3 and Ki-67 expression. HHOnbs treatment significantly reduced FoxP3 and Ki-67 expression (p