Tanggung Jawab Borrower atas Gagal Bayar pada Fintech Lending Tanifund

Abstract. Fintech lending (LPBBTI) connects lenders and borrowers through electronic systems, giving rise to a lending and borrowing legal relationship that remains subject to Indonesian private law. One of the most frequent issues is borrower default. Under the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), default is generally classified as breach of contract (wanprestasi), which may result in an obligation to perform the agreed prestation and/or to pay damages (costs, losses, and interest). However, fintech practice introduces new challenges: electronic contracts, a large number of parties, relatively small claim values, and collection processes that often depend on the platform’s operational mechanisms. The Tanifund case is relevant because when widespread default occurred and the platform’s license was revoked, lenders faced obstacles in recovering their funds, even though the borrower’s obligation does not normatively disappear. This article examines the legal structure of the parties’ relationship, the basis of borrower liability under the Civil Code (including the requirements of default, formal notice/somasi, damages, and exceptions such as force majeure), and how Financial Services Authority (OJK) regulations govern the organizer’s role, ethical collection standards, transparency duties, and complaint and dispute resolution mechanisms. Abstrak. Fintech lending (LPBBTI) mempertemukan lender dan borrower melalui sistem elektronik, sehingga lahir hubungan hukum pinjam-meminjam yang pada intinya tetap tunduk pada hukum perdata. Masalah yang paling sering muncul adalah gagal bayar (default) oleh borrower. Secara KUHPerdata, gagal bayar itu masuk ranah wanprestasi dengan konsekuensi kewajiban pemenuhan prestasi dan/atau ganti rugi (biaya, kerugian, bunga). Namun, praktik fintech menimbulkan problem baru: kontraknya elektronik, para pihaknya banyak, nilainya bisa kecil, dan penagihan bergantung pada platform. Kasus Tanifund jadi contoh yang relevan karena ketika terjadi gagal bayar masif dan izin platform dicabut, lender kesulitan jalur pemulihan, sementara kewajiban borrower secara normatif sebenarnya tidak hilang. Tulisan ini membahas konstruksi hubungan hukum, dasar tanggung jawab borrower menurut KUHPerdata (termasuk syarat wanprestasi, somasi, ganti rugi, dan pengecualian seperti force majeure), serta bagaimana peraturan OJK mengatur peran penyelenggara, etika penagihan, transparansi, dan mekanisme pengaduan/penyelesaian sengketa.