Barriers and Pathways for Industry-University-Research (IUR) Models in Vocational Education under the AI Era: Toward Effective School–Enterprise Collaborative Training

In the context of vocational education reform, the collaborative model of industry-academia-research has gradually become an important pathway for talent cultivation.This model integrates multiple advantages, achieving an organic combination of theory and practice, thereby enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of vocational education talent training.This article focuses on the practical methods and developmental issues related to the synergy mechanism between production, education, and research in vocational education.It first outlines the logic of cooperation among production, education, and research, emphasizing its value in various aspects.By conducting a comparative analysis of three classic models, the article reveals the advantages and disadvantages of different models in curriculum design, practice orientation, and depth of collaboration, particularly highlighting the importance of achieving an integrated approach of "curriculum-teaching-practice" for enhancing synergy.Furthermore, the article discusses the role of deep corporate involvement in curriculum updates, teaching reforms, and diversified evaluations, positing that such engagement can effectively enhance students' adaptability and improve practical skills.It also identifies challenges posed by rapid technological advancements, inadequate evaluation systems, and insufficient school-enterprise collaboration.Finally, the article proposes several actionable solutions: improving the support system, expanding diversified curricula, and further enhancing teachers' digital literacy.