Network, Topic, and Sentiment Analysis of Online Discourse on Religious Organizations’ Mining Permits in Indonesia

Indonesia faces a severe environmental challenge as deforestation driven by mineral extraction intensifies.The government's Presidential Regulation No. 76 of 2024, which grants mining permits to religious organizations, has sparked public debate over ethics, politics, and environmental governance.This study analyzes public discourse on the social media platform X related to the policy, focusing on conversation patterns, sentiment shifts, and the dynamics between the state, religious organizations, and civil society.Using 23,074 crawled activities from two periods (May 30-June 14 and July 20-August 4, 2024), the research employs Social Network Analysis (SNA) and BERT-based topic-sentiment modeling.Results indicate that @nu_online was the dominant central node in the first period, later shifting to @muhammadiyah, reflecting the changing focus of public discussion.The second period exhibited greater discourse fragmentation and reduced network cohesion, driven by internal debates within Muhammadiyah.Sentiment analysis shows predominantly negative public reactions, with criticism intensifying after Muhammadiyah's decision to accept the mining permit.The findings suggest that social media serves as a dynamic arena for contesting ideas and political interests, where institutional actors introduce issues and the public functions as critical interpreters.This study contributes to understanding the formation of digital public opinion and offers empirical and theoretical insights into extractive politics and civil society's role in Indonesia's natural resource governance.