A Review on Microbial Enzyme Mediated Degradation of Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a highly manufactured endocrine-disruptive chemical that is frequently used in polycarbonates plastics and epoxy resin.Its wide distribution in water and land ecosystem poses significant ecological and human health risks because of its estrogenic and oxidative stress-inducing properties.Bio-degradation of BPA by any of the microorganisms has also attracted interest, and it is cost-effective to remove BPA through the process, which offers total mineralization without generating any secondary pollutants.The paper provides a systematic overview of the current literature on bacterial, fungal and algal mediated BPA degradation pathways, emphasizing on enzyme selective degradation and theoretical biochemical model depending on the recent experimental studies.The ipso-hydroxylation and ring-cleavage reactions are mediated by cytochrome P450 and dioxidase reactions to produce hydroquinone, catechol and 4-isopropenylphenol as important intermediates in bacterial systems Pseudomonas and Bacillus species.Fungal degradation, facilitated by extracellular oxidative enzymes like laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase, allows for the effective oxidation of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates, resulting in the formation of quinonoid and carboxylic acid derivatives.Algal and plant-based systems integrate intracellular enzymatic biotransformation (CYP450 hydroxylation and UDP-glucosyltransferase conjugation) with photo-oxidative processes, yielding less toxic conjugates like BPA-O-glucoside.The aim of the present review is to identify the gaps in enzymatic metabolic pathways of microorganisms in degradation of BPA.