Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture: Global Review of Floating Beds and Undersea Cultivation

As climate shocks intensify, food production is moving beyond conventional soil-based farming.This review synthesizes the agronomy, resilience mechanisms, economics, and environmental performance of several frontier or revived systems: Bangladesh's floating garden "baira/dhap" undersea biosphere cultivation (Nemo's Garden, Italy), seawater/solar greenhouses (e.g., Sundrop Farms, Australia), halophyte (salt-tolerant) cropping, and "3-D ocean farming" (kelp and bivalves).Based on peerreviewed literature and institutional reports, we summarize resource use, outputs, indicative costs, and life-cycle Green House Gas (GHG) intensities where (Life Cycle Assessment) LCAs exist.We find strong adaptation benefits for specific stressors flooding (floating beds), freshwater scarcity and heat (seawater greenhouses, halophytes) and coastal nutrient issues (seaweed/bivalves).Evidence gaps include robust LCAs for floating beds and undersea biospheres and standardized cost datasets for marine farms.We conclude with priorities for policy, finance and research.