A Comprehensive Study on Driving Strategies, Control Systems, and Interaction Methods of Intelligent Robotics: Exemplified by Industrial Robotic Arms

This study comprehensively examines the technological evolution of industrial robotic arms from the 1980s to 2025, analyzing key advancements in drive mechanisms, control systems, and human-robot interaction paradigms.Drive systems have progressed from bulky hydraulic actuators to high-efficiency servo motors and further to lightweight modular bionic drives, significantly improving energy efficiency and motion precision.Control architectures evolved from rigid pre-programmed sequences to adaptive AI-driven systems incorporating machine learning and real-time optimization.Human-robot interaction modes transitioned from offline programming to sophisticated multimodal interfaces integrating force feedback, computer vision, and emerging brain-computer interaction technologies, enabling seamless collaboration.Future development trends point toward composite drive systems, autonomous decisionmaking capabilities, and intuitive natural interfaces, supported by enabling technologies like digital twins and swarm intelligence.As fundamental enablers of smart manufacturing, robotic arms both reflect and drive industrial automation progress, with continued innovation promising to expand their applications across industries while fostering more efficient, flexible, and intelligent production ecosystems.The integration of these advancements is reshaping manufacturing paradigms and creating new possibilities for human-machine cooperation.