Water Governance in Secondary Cities in Togo: Issues and Challenges in Noèpé and Kovié

Although progress has been made nationally in terms of drinking water coverage, access remains a significant challenge in Togo's secondary cities, particularly in Noèpé and Kovié. These areas are experiencing rapid urbanization and sustained population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on often dilapidated infrastructure. This study aims to examine the institutional, regulatory and organizational mechanisms that shape water governance in Noèpé and Kovié, to identify the main obstacles and potential pathways towards equitable and sustainable access to drinking water. The research combined a literature review with qualitative fieldwork, including 67 semi-structured interviews and focus groups with institutional actors, municipal authorities and community association. Thematic analysis was used to triangulate institutional discourse, policy documents and community perspectives. The findings reveal that governance is hindered by institutional fragmentation, weak inter-institutional coordination, compounded by centralized governance. Community-based models, although widespread, suffer from lack of professionalization, financial fragility, weak community participation and conflicts interest. Infrastructure deficits, dependence on ad hoc external funding, and limited regulation exacerbate service inequalities. To address these challenges, this study concludes that water governance in secondary cities must be adapted to institutional and regulatory frameworks while taking local specifics into account. Strengthening institutional and community capacities, updating stakeholder mapping, developing participatory governance mechanisms and establishing shared governance mechanisms are essential. Local master plan aligned with urban planning strategies are recommended to anticipate demographic pressures and climate variability. Such reforms would help to ensure sustainable access to drinking water.